2 Unit Religion – Aboriginal Spirituality.

What does Terra Nullius mean? From at least 60,000 B. C. , Australia was inhabited entirely by pristine and Torres Strait is dry toss off-dweller race with handed-down, social and estate rights. To the Aborigines the inflict was everything to them and is closely connect to their Dreaming stories. Dreaming is the belief placement which explains how the ancestral worlds moved across the gain and created life and significant geographic features. In consideration, the Indigenous Australians argon a bulk with a close relationship with the land, and through the land they agree the spiritual cerebrate to the ancestral beings.The land is divine, and for many a(prenominal) thousand years, native heap full of lifed in harmony on their land. after(prenominal) the arrival of the British colonies in 1788, Australia was decl atomic number 18d Terra Nullius, which is a Latin term meaning land belongs to no champion. As a result of this, Captain Cook, the British captain of the first fleet of ships to arrive at Australias shore, claimed that all of the east coast of Australia belonged to Britain. The underlying argument was that primeval people were so low gear on scale of human development that their needs were discounted.Because pristine people did non farm the land, constitute permanent houses on it or use it in some other familiar ways, the British decreed that they did non have rights over the land nor did they have any proofread of land ownership. Another reason was that at that place was no identifiable hierarchy or political order which the British government could recognise or negotiate with. Once European settlement began, pristine rights to traditional lands was disregarded and the aboriginal people of the Sydney region were almost obliterated by introduced diseases and, to a lesser extent, armed force.First contacts were relatively peaceful but central people and their culture was strange to the Europeans as well as their plants an d animals. Consequently, Terra Nullius proceed on for over deuce hundred years. Figure 1 Eddie Mabo Figure 1 Eddie Mabo Who was Eddie Mabo? Eddie Koiki Mabo ( ciphern in figure 1) was born on 29 June 1936, in the community of Las on Mer, known as Murray Island in the Torres Strait. His birth name was Eddie Koiki Sambo however he was raised(a) by his Uncle Benny Mabo through a customary Island adoption. During this time, the concept of terra nullius was legislation.When Eddie was growing up, life for the people of the Torres Strait Islands was strictly regulated with laws make by the Queensland Government. However, the Meriam people strived to maintain continuity with the past and continued to live a traditional lifestyle based on fishing, gardening and customary laws of inheritance. At the eon of 16, Eddie was exiled from Murray Island for breaking customary Island law, and he set off for the mainland where a new life was waiting for him. through and through university, Eddie re ad a speech in front of people just about his peoples belief about the land ownership.A lawyer heard him and asked if he would like to argue with the Australian government about the right for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders to have land rights. After this, Eddie Mabo was successful in addressing the concept of immanent claim to the Australian government on behalf of Murray Island people. He is known for his role in campaigning for natural land rights and for his role in a landmark decision of the high address of Australia which neglected the effective doctrine of terra nullius land belong to nobody, which characterized Australian law with regards to land and title.Eddie died in 21 January 1992 and was unable(p) to see the native title given to them. What were the Mabo case and the high court decisions? In the 1970s, the Queensland Government took over Aboriginal land and was unsympathetic to the concept of land rights or any idea of native title to the land. On the 20t h of May 1982, Eddie Koiki Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islanders challenged terra Nullius and began their legal claim for ownership to the Supreme chat up of Queensland of heir lands on the island of Mer in the Torres Strait since their people had lived on the islands long before the arrival of the albumen settlement. Eventually, the supreme court of Queensland dismissed the case. Later, another challenge to the concept of terra Nullius was witnessed when Mabo and the four other islanders took the case to the high court of Australia. They requested that the court declare that their traditional land ownership and rights to the land and seas of the Mer Islands had not been snuff out. Furthermore, they claimed that the flushs authority over the islands was subject to the land rights of the Murray Islanders.It was not until 3 June 1992 that Mabo case No. 2 was decided. By then, 10 years after the case opened, Eddie Mabo had died. By a major(ip)ity, six out of one of the judges agreed that the Meriam people did have traditional ownership of their land. The judges held that British possession had not eliminated their title and that the Meriam people are entitled as to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the lands of the Murray Islands. This decision has wiped the concept of terra nullius and awarded the innate Australians with the aboriginal Title.Consequently, the term Native title is still in existence and contributed to allow the Indigenous Australians to maintain a continuous spiritual and cultural conjunctive to the land. Therefore, this decision was important because it recognised that Australia was inhabited By the Indigenous Australians long before the White settlement and hold the native title. What is the Native title mould (1993) Commonwealth? Native title is a legal term which recognises the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to the use and occupation of lands with which they have maintained a continuing, tradit ional conjunctions.Eventually, in the 1970s the Queensland government began to assume the land rights of people of Murray Island in the Torres Strait. One of the Meriam people, Eddie Mabo, took the Queensland Government to court to pr level offt this from happening. Sadly, this case failed. Moreover, Mabo and some other people took the case to the high court of Australia. The high court decided in favour of the Meriam people and recognised the principle of Native title. Ultimately, during this historical event, Eddie Mabo was dead. In 1993, The Keating Labor government runed the Native Title crook.This subroutine accepted the notion of Native title in law and alike recognised the rights of owners of freehold property. Nevertheless, pastoralists and miners were still concerned, and many people leased land from the government. The legislation aimed to codify the Mabo decision and implemented strategies to facilitate the process of granting native title. However, it had not resol ved the question of whether the granting of pastoral lease extinguished Native title. In this case, the High court argued that native title could co-exist with the rights of leaseholders.However, the pastoralists and the mining companies who lease lands were still concerned that the court was too much in favour of native title. In 1997, native title act passed by the Howard government. This act stated that Native title and leasehold rights could co-exist and in any conflict, the rights or the leaseholders would come first. What was the Wik Decision (1996) commonwealth? The Native title Act of 1993 had not resolved the question of whether the granting of a pastoral lease extinguished Native title.In 1993, the Wik people on Cape York in Queensland made a claim for land on Cape York Peninsula which included two large Pastoral leases. The federal court upheld the Native Title Act 1993 against the Wik people, with an argument that Aboriginal Australians had no control over land that has been leased. This case was further taken to the High court of Australia. In celestial latitude 1996, the high court ruled that the granting of a pastoral lease had not in fact extinguished native title. With reference to a letter from 1848 in which a British secretary of state for colonies wrote to regulator ofNSW which stated that the leaseholders had to negotiate with the traditional owners to allow them entry. Pastoralists viewed the Wik decision with great concerns, for they had always believed that they had full and sole rights to carry on their leases. After the Wik decision, Pastoralists would have to negotiate with any group who could prove native title right. Unfortunately, the pastoralists and miners increased the pressure sensation on government because they were not happy with the Wik decision and the idea that Indigenous Australians had rights to leased land.After a compete on this issue, the Howard government passed an amendment to the 1993 Native title Act. This c hange reduced the rights of indigenous Australians under the act and removed their right to negotiate with pastoralists and miners. This new law, made it difficult for Aboriginal Australians to make land rights claims Outline the greatness of the Dreaming for the land rights safari? The Dreaming for Australian Indigenous people (sometimes referred to as the Dreamtime or Dreamtimes) refers to when the hereditary Beings moved across the land and created life and significant geographic features.The land rights are of critical magnificence in relation to Aboriginal spirituality, because the dreaming is inextricably connected with the land. Since the Dreaming is closely connected to the land, the land rights movement is an important movement in helping Aboriginal people re-establish spiritual links with their sacred land which was disordered as a result of the European settlement. The dreaming is essential to the land rights movement because of many reasons such as To the Aborigine s, the dreaming is the central role which land occupies in Aboriginal spirituality, as land is the path through which the dreaming is experienced and communicated.Without the land, the dreaming cannot be communicated because it is from the land that the stories of solution enliven in the dreaming flow. It is through their intimate connection to the land that the foundational concept which lies at the heart of Aboriginal spirituality, that is, the dreaming can be plan of attacked. The land therefore, acts as the mother for the Aboriginal people, and that since it is, the identity of every Aboriginal person is closely linked to the land. Therefore, the immensity of the land rights movement for Aboriginal spirituality should not be underestimated.More importantly, the dreaming stories provide the entire ethical and moral basis by which Aboriginal people live on their land and relate to each(prenominal) other. It is known that the access to their land is fundamental to the putting into form of Aboriginal law. This factor underlies the Aboriginal law is the knowledge and ritual relating to sacred sites. These sites need to be cared for and this is do through ritual ceremony. Each person is linked to the spirit ancestor who created the land, and it is this which creates an Aboriginal persons identity.Through the dreaming, Spirit connects each person with particular sacred sites, with the result that each person has a connection with specific places on the land. According to the Aboriginal belief dodge, individuals have clearly defined responsibilities in relation to the land, in particular the protection of sacred sites. Sacred sites may be desecrated through grazing, mining, or perhaps contact with site by people without knowledge of the necessary ritual. Access to these sites is critical for the achievement of rituals and ceremonies so that the law can be taught to new generations.Another importance of the dreaming is that the dreaming connects each kins folk to a totem. A totem is an emblem mainly a plant or an animal that has become a symbol for a group who is believed to be responsible for their existence. The totem unifies the Clan (group) under the leadership of the spirit ancestor and thereby as well as creates a metaphysical connection with other clans bearing the same totem. Without their access to their totems, the Aboriginal people would lose their identity and prevent the belief system to be passed on to the next generation. Also, being taken away from a totem can alienate the individual from their clan.The land rights movement can re-establish the access to the totems and belonging to the same clan under the sacred totem. Thus, the dreaming which explains the clans existence by their totem is essential to the land rights movement. For the purpose of land rights and spiritual fulfilment of the land, the Australian History has witnessed many land rights movement. Those include the Yolgnu people of Yirrkala in 1963 and the 1966 Gurindji people. In 1963, the Yolgnu people of Yirrkala sent a typed petition in both(prenominal) their own language and English to the federal parliament because the government had granted a mining smart set the right to mine auxite without consulting the traditional owners. The paper was fixed to a surrounding bark painting which picture the peoples relationship with the land, and the Yirrkala people were seeking recognition of rights to their traditional lands on the Gove Peninsula. This however, was rejected in the court. To not underestimating this land rights movement, it was the first Aboriginal land rights movement and was an important step in the ultimate recognition of indigenous land rights movement.Another Early land rights movement was in 1966, when the Gurindji people began a usurp at the British-owned Wave Hill station in the Northern Territory to protest about impossible working conditions and low wages. They set up a camp at Wattie Creek and demanded tha t some of their traditional lands to be desexualised to them. The protest eventually led to their being granted the rights to Wattie Creek by the Whitlam Government in 1975. The passing by the Fraser Government of the Commonwealth Land Rights Act northern territory, 1976, gave Aboriginal people freehold title to traditional lands in the northern territory.As shown, the land rights movements were based on the belief of the dreaming. This is because the land is closely linked to the dreaming and by restoring land rights again, the Aboriginal community could re-establish the dreaming which involves the land, sacred sites, totems and ancestral beings. How has dispossession bear on Aboriginal spirituality? (seperatio Land, kinship, stolen generation). The Dispossession of the Indigenous Australians has had a major impact on their Spirituality and beliefs, including their connection to the land, kinship and explored a major effect which is the stolen Generation.When the White Settlement began in Australia in 1788, Australia was called terra Nullius meaning that the land belongs to no body. What was unknown to the British settlement is that the land is the home for the Aborigines and those Aborigines have been living in this land for more than 50,000 years. In the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century the official policy towards Aboriginal Australians was called protectionism. Protectionism is the idea that Aboriginal Australians needed to be separated from the white society and be protected because they were unable to do so.As a result, they were removed from their traditional lands and placed in missions which at that time were controlled by Christian churches. This was a major factor in separating Aboriginal people from their own culture and theologys. Since the Aboriginal trust is based on the dreaming which refers to the time where ancestors created the land, the dreaming is closely connected to the land because it is through the land that the stories of the dreaming emerge. Many of their rituals and ceremonies were inseparably linked to the land and sacred sites.Consequently, many Aborigines were separated from their spiritualties and beliefs. Another major effect of dispossession from land is when separated people have later tried to gain access to their land but have no knowledge of the law and tradition and in any case no proof of their connection to the land. Therefore, dispossession from land has impact on the Aborigines because the land plays a major role in their spiritual beliefs. Similarly, breakup from Kinship groups has limited the Aboriginal peoples opportunity to express their religion in traditional songs and dances.The Kinship is a complex system of belonging, relationships and responsibilities within a tribe that are based on the dreaming. Due to the fact that most of Aboriginal tribes had their own language, separation from kinship made it impossible for Aboriginal people to preserve their own languag e and dreaming stories of their clan (tribe). It is known that each Aboriginal individual has a responsibility within their clan. Many Aborigines as a result of dispossession lost the opportunity to participate in rituals that would gain them acceptance into the clan.Eventually, Kinship groups had the responsibility for raising and nurturing children even though they were not their biological children. When children were taken away from their clan by the white colonisation, the community lost the responsibility of taking care and nurturing the children and thus, lost the concept of kinship. Another effect of separation from Kinship groups is that the separation prevented individuals from inheriting the traditional parenting skills such as teaching the young their responsibilities and the dreaming stories.Separation from Kinship can also mean isolation from the ceremonial life. Ceremonies such as initiations or funerals are of a critical importance because they are a part of the Abor iginal life. Without these ceremonies, a person is disconnected to their kinship and their Aboriginal spirituality. This also limited the spread of their beliefs to the next generations. Hence, Kinship separation has led to the loss of spirituality. The so called Stolen Generations have also affected the Aboriginal spirituality.The term Stolen Generation refers to the children who were removed from their homes amid 1900 and 1972 by the Government and Church missionaries in an attempt to assimilate these children into European society. Most of the children who were taken away lost contact with other Aboriginal people, their culture, beliefs and land. In addition, they also lost their own languages. As a result, the stolen generation found it difficult to restore the connection with their own people and culture. The children were only exposed to white culture, because they were told that their families had rejected them or they were dead.The contact between the children and families was rarely allowed. This lead to a lack of role models taught the Aboriginal beliefs. Some of the stolen Generation could not pass on the dreaming stories of the ancestral beings to their children, unlike how they were initially taught with their Aboriginal community. Many of the children were exposed to Christianity in its conglomerate forms. The children were taught the Christian religion in Christian missions, which undoubtedly contributed to the destruction of aboriginal culture and spirituality. Thus, the removing of the Aboriginal children had impacted on the Aboriginal spirituality.Therefore, the dispossession from the land, kinship and the stolen Generation has affected the Aboriginal Spirituality. 1 . http//www. aboriginalheritage. org/ accounting/ news report/ 2 . http//www. parliament. nsw. gov. au/prod/web/common. nsf/key/HistoryBeforeEuropeanSettlement 3 . devotion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 4 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo 5 . http//ww w. racismnoway. com. au/teaching-resources/factsheets/19. html 6 . http//www. racismnoway. com. au/teaching-resources/factsheets/19. tml 7 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo 8 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo 9 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 10 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 11 . http//www. aboriginalheritage. org/history/history/ 12 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 13 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 14 . www. atns. net. au/agreement. asp? EntityID=775 15 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 16 . http//www. library. uq. edu. u/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 17 . http//reconciliaction. org. au/nsw/education-kit/land-rights/ 18 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 19 . http//www. abs. gov. au/Ausstats/emailprotected nsf/Previousproducts/1301. 0Feature%20Article21995? opendocument 20 . http//reconciliaction . org. au/nsw/education-kit/land-rights/ 21 . http//reconciliaction. org. au/nsw/education-kit/land-rights/ 22 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 23 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html