Creating A Just Society for Children :: Sociology Essays Research Papers

Creating A Just Society for Children News reports lately suggest that children who have been having meal with their family everyday commit less(prenominal) misdemeanor and crime than children who have not. According to the news report, children who have meal with their family grow up to be strong and stable mentally. They are able to adjust a society very well. Recently we see many teenagers committing crimes. At first glance, these teenagers seem to be average. However their actions are cruel. Those children are suffering from the fascinate of their environment that they have been brought up in, and can not solve their problems by themselves. Some of them are trying to ask their parents help, simply the parents do not propose it seriously or misunderstand it. Some parents try to solve the problem by supplying everything children need. It is difficult to foster a good environment done material things only. A good spiritual home is also important. I wonder how w e can create a just society not for children but also for all and whether the day-care is really important for children or not.The case of the article about the okinawan, which we discussed in the class, is a very sensitive topic. In Japan, there is a tendency that mothers always stay next to their baby and take care of them very well. Even when they go to bed, they take the baby to their bed and let him or her sleep next to them. On the other hand, in the United States, the parents let their baby sleep on the babys bed. When the baby is born, they give a room to their baby. Some parents let a babysitter take care of their baby. While the babysitter is winning care of the baby, the parents are working or release somewhere. For some parents, having a babysitter is very helpful. They are able to work and live financially independent. They also have more time for themselves instead of taking care of their baby. However, there is a problem about letting the babysitter take ca re of the baby. The problem is whether the babysitter takes care of the baby properly or not. I have seen a lot of news on the TV.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Essay -- students, academic progre

On January 8, 2002, President George Bush signed into law The No Child Left Behind operation of 2001, which was a reauthorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which was designed to help disadvantaged students achieve success in school (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011) The components of The No Child Left Behind included annual testing, academic progress, report cards, teacher qualifications, and funding changes. These measures were designed to drive broad gains in student consummation and to hold states and schools more accountable for student progress (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011, para. 3). NCLB also promised to close the achievement gap and increase student study (Hursh 2007). By the grade 2005-2006, the states were required to assess all students annually in grades 3-8, and these tests had to be aligned with the state standards (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011). In addition, a representative sam ple of 4th graders and 8th graders had to participate in National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) testing program in order to be compared to other students nationally (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011). For a school to meet academic progress, certain subgroups and the school has a whole had to make decorous yearly progress. If the school failed to make AYP, so the school could receive supplemental services and parents could send their kidren to another school. If the school continued to not make AYP, then the school could receive punitive government sanctions. Teachers had to be deemed highly qualified in their subject matter, and school report cards had to be released each year to illustrate student achievement data and scho... ...lenge them as well as help them to learn, the students are able to achieve academic progress.ReferencesDee, B. and Jacob, T.S. (2011). The impact of no child left behind on student achievement.Journal of Policy Analysis an d Management, 30 (3), 418446. Retrieved fromhttp//deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/86808/20586_ftp.pdf?sequence=Editorial Projects in Education Research Center. (2011, kinfolk 19). Issues A-Z No Child Left Behind. Education Week. Retrieved from http//www.edweek.org/ew/issues/no-child-left-behind/Hursh, D. (2007 September). Exacerbating inequality The failed promise of the no child left behind act. Race, Ethnicity, and Education.10 (3), 295-308. Retrieved from http//www.wou.edu/girodm/foundations/Hursh.pdf Tatum, A. (2006) Engaging African-american males in reading. Educational Leadership, 63(5), 44-49.

Irish Novels Essay -- Comparative Literature

...for we have rights drawn from the soil and skythe use, the pace, the patient years of labour,...this is our country also, nowhere elseand we shall not be outcast on the world.John Hewitt, The ColonyFor many years the Big House in Ireland was very primary(prenominal). In an agrarian society, the estate system organise a backdrop for the economy and culture of the island. The Anglo-Irish Big House is a historical social structure that has been employed for various purposes in the literature of a anatomy of Irish authors. The Big House as a symbol of wealthiness and social position in Ireland is associated pre-eminently with the Anglo-Irish. The Big Houses of Ireland are very important to gain any understanding of the political, economic and social developments in Ireland between the seventeenth and ordinal centuries. Some historical as well as literary interpretations are very controversial - because of the controversial role of the Anglo-Irish community in Ireland. In corp oreal life an Anglo-Irish Big House was the home of and represented the wealth and power of the Anglo-Irish community and their supreme authority over the local community. Anglo-Irish big house dwellers were the prosopopoeia of the chasm between the native Catholic Irish people and their colonizers, the Protestant Englishmen. The big house novel is not purely Anglo-Irish concept. Ireland has a long history - Celtic and Gaelic tribes lived in the island already centuries before the English or other occupants came. The same happened in many places in the world - America, Canada, Africa and even in the Baltic States. Conquerors came, saw and took the land and power. Occupants seem to adopt a similiar convening of behaviour everywhere. When they come, they ... ...th an Introduction by Kathryn J. Kilpatrick. New York Penguin, 1993Graham, Colin.,,History, Gender amd the Colonial Moment Castle Rackrent, in Irish Studies Review (No. 14 1996, spring)Johnston, Jennifer. How many Miles to B abylon? London Penguin Books, 1988Kiberd, Declan. Inventing Ireland The books of the Modern Nation. London Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1995Mcmanus, Karen.,,Prodding Republicanism, in Fortnight (1995, April) 36-37.http//digital.library.upenn.edu/women/lawless/edgeworth/edgeworth.htmhttp//www.local.ie/literature/http//www.irishwriters-online.com Irish Novels Essay -- Comparative Literature...for we have rights drawn from the soil and skythe use, the pace, the patient years of labour,...this is our country also, nowhere elseand we shall not be outcast on the world.John Hewitt, The ColonyFor many years the Big House in Ireland was very important. In an agrarian society, the estate system formed a backdrop for the economy and culture of the island. The Anglo-Irish Big House is a historical structure that has been employed for various purposes in the literature of a variety of Irish authors. The Big House as a symbol of wealth and social status in Ireland is associated pre-eminen tly with the Anglo-Irish. The Big Houses of Ireland are very important to gain any understanding of the political, economic and social developments in Ireland between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. Some historical as well as literary interpretations are very controversial - because of the controversial role of the Anglo-Irish community in Ireland. In real life an Anglo-Irish Big House was the home of and represented the wealth and power of the Anglo-Irish community and their supreme authority over the local community. Anglo-Irish big house dwellers were the personification of the chasm between the native Catholic Irish people and their colonizers, the Protestant Englishmen. The big house novel is not purely Anglo-Irish concept. Ireland has a long history - Celtic and Gaelic tribes lived in the island already centuries before the English or other occupants came. The same happened in many places in the world - America, Canada, Africa and even in the Baltic States. Conquerors came, saw and took the land and power. Occupants seem to adopt a similiar pattern of behaviour everywhere. When they come, they ... ...th an Introduction by Kathryn J. Kilpatrick. New York Penguin, 1993Graham, Colin.,,History, Gender amd the Colonial Moment Castle Rackrent, in Irish Studies Review (No. 14 1996, spring)Johnston, Jennifer. How many Miles to Babylon? London Penguin Books, 1988Kiberd, Declan. Inventing Ireland The Literature of the Modern Nation. London Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1995Mcmanus, Karen.,,Prodding Republicanism, in Fortnight (1995, April) 36-37.http//digital.library.upenn.edu/women/lawless/edgeworth/edgeworth.htmhttp//www.local.ie/literature/http//www.irishwriters-online.com

Social Values in Transition: 1789-1815, Alternate Visions :: American America History

Social Values in Transition 1789-1815, Alternate VisionsSaint-Simon wanted to see scientists at the top of the policy-making structure. He proposed the idea of a scientific priesthood of the Religion of Newton. Later he added industrialists and artists to the religion believing that emotions must be satisfied as well as reason. Francois Marie Charles Fourier wanted to liberate human nature. His theory was What makes men happy? Their passions. What makes them miserable? The inhibition of their passions. Therefore the legislator must create a society in which men and women can indulge their passions to the full yet safely and harmoniously. Even destructive passions could be employed as butchers. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. In it he states, We convey these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Government is instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the government. That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to abolish it, and to institute new Government . . . . . Robert Owen built a mold industrial community with decent housing for the workers, schools, sanitation, and non-profit making stores. In the factories he owned the working conditions were measured against the prevailing standards. They were almost humane. He was trying to change the workers lot, while making a nice profit in the meantime. Owen may be regarded as the founder of co-operative socialism. Thomas Malthus argued that any attempt to feed the ravenous masses only increased the masses and their misery. He believed that mathematical laws presided over human affairs. However when he applied them to the procreative process, the results were glum. In his opinion the interruption between the supply of regimen and the number of people to be fed was bound to increase, for population increased at a geometrical ratio and food at a arithmetical ratio. There was a bright side however there would be wars, famines, epidemics and so on. But that would not be enough.

Pauls Case by Willa Cather - Socrates’ Perspective of the Courageous

capital of Minnesotas Case by Willa Cather - Socrates Perspective of the Courageous capital of Minnesota In Pauls Case by Willa Cather, Paul becomes aware of the fact that his support is not exactly what could be called liveable. His physical home leaves something to be desired, his teachers clearly dislike him, and his father is not the model father. Paul feels that these things are unjust and injurious to his life. Due to the unjust things in his life, he decides to rid himself of them by running away. Later on when he decides to kill himself, he showcases his possession of the cardinal virtues. Pauls close to kill himself is just, and consequently moderate, wise, and courageous. Paul is just in killing himself because he possesses moderation. Socrates says moderation is agreement between the classes of society (432b). For an individual, moderation is agreement between the part of the soul. Paul has moderation due to the fact that he does k ill himself. The parts of the soul were apparently in agreement. Evidence that his soul was in agreement is that he would not have killed himself if it were divided. The parts of his soul had to come to the same conclusion. For Paul that conclusion was suicide the reasoning part decided that the only way to outpouring his dreadful life at home was to kill himself, the spirited part actually caused Paul to jump in front of the train, and the appetitive part caused Paul to want to jump in front of the train. To explain what all of this means, Gary Colwell presents this argument, Harmony in the soul, that is, in the individual, results from reason controlling and guiding the individuals life, with the passions and appetites serving in surmount positions below (400). Ac... ...introduced to his previous unjust life. To preserve Pauls inner harmony (443e), he has to kill himself. Suicide was the only thing left o make Paul happy. Gregory Vlastos, in his review of Terence Irwins article , Platos Moral Theory, argues that when we have been brought to see what our soul would be like if it were Platonically just (intellect, emotion, and appetite rationally harmonized in friendly, nonrepressive, order) . . . we shall have gained a new vision of happiness, which only that kind of soul . . . could realize (127). Paul is happy because he escapes the pressures of life. Pauls decision to kill himself takes into account all of the cardinal virtues and is therefore just. Works CitedCather, Willa. Pauls Case. Perrines Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. New York Heinle and Heinle, 2002.

Pauls Case by Willa Cather - Socrates’ Perspective of the Courageous

Pauls Case by Willa Cather - Socrates Perspective of the Courageous Paul In Pauls Case by Willa Cather, Paul becomes aware of the fact that his deportment is not incisively what could be called liveable. His physical home leaves something to be desired, his teachers clearly dislike him, and his father is not the model father. Paul feels that these things are raw and detrimental to his life. Due to the unjust things in his life, he decides to rid himself of them by running away. Later on when he decides to kill himself, he showcases his possession of the cardinal virtues. Pauls decision to kill himself is just, and indeed moderate, wise, and courageous. Paul is just in killing himself because he possesses temperance. Socrates says moderation is agreement between the classes of society (432b). For an individual, moderation is agreement between the parts of the soul. Paul has moderation due to the fact that he does kill himself. The parts of the soul were apparently in agreement. Evidence that his soul was in agreement is that he would not acquire killed himself if it were divided. The parts of his soul had to come to the same conclusion. For Paul that conclusion was suicide the reasoning part decided that the only way to escape his dreadful life at home was to kill himself, the spirited part actually caused Paul to restrict in front of the train, and the appetitive part caused Paul to want to jump in front of the train. To explain what all of this means, Gary Colwell presents this argument, Harmony in the soul, that is, in the individual, results from reason controlling and guiding the individuals life, with the passions and appetites serving in subordinate positions below (400). Ac... ...introduced to his preliminary unjust life. To preserve Pauls inner harmony (443e), he has to kill himself. Suicide was the only thing left o make Paul happy. Gregory Vlastos, in his check up on of Terence Irwins article, Platos Mora l Theory, argues that when we have been brought to see what our soul would be like if it were Platonically just (intellect, emotion, and appetite rationally harmonized in friendly, nonrepressive, order) . . . we shall have gained a new imagination of happiness, which only that kind of soul . . . could realize (127). Paul is happy because he escapes the pressures of life. Pauls decision to kill himself takes into account all of the cardinal virtues and is therefore just. Works CitedCather, Willa. Pauls Case. Perrines literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. New York Heinle and Heinle, 2002.

Wine is Not Sin

Wine is not sin. Such a claim has ca commitd ejaculate and disagreement inside Christianity for centuries. Yet what does this statement mean? If God is to be consistent, why does it seem that He has inconsistent commandments about booze, which caused so much contend among godly theologians? As best as one can customaryize, there be three camps of belief regarding where the sacred scripture stands on the morality booze consumption.The centrist View holds that the Bible unaccompanied deals with fermented fuddle within its text. It was fermented wine-coloured that was exchanged between godly men in Genesis 1418-20 it was fermented wine which savior was accused of getting drunk on in Luke 733-35, and was also fermented wine with which Jesus practiced the Lords Supper. The Abstentionist View holds that that God approves of the use of fermented wine, but only to a certain amount before drunkenness takes place. Lastly, the Prohibitionist View maintains that, although the Bible h as several Greek and Hebrew words that carry a general description of wine with their meaning, one can best understand Gods condemnation of fermented wine base on the context of the passages that are often used in support of a Moderationist or Abstentionist view.In light of these three views, this author holds that condemnation of alcoholic wine is not to be based on the amount filld, or the properties of its content. Rather, based on Gods Word, alcoholic wine is sinful to consume because of the degrading personal effects it has on ones body, because a holy God forbade its use among Old Testament and New Testament believers, and because it compromises ones character as an ambassador of Christ. These three arguments will be fleshed out in this paper within the pursuance facets of discussion. The Biological Ethics of Wine, the Biblical Ethics of Wine, and the Cultural Ethics of Wine.The Biological Ethics of Wine Based on the information that rests in the physical effects of alcoho lic consumption, this author proposes that the intake of wine into ones body is damaging not only to his body, but to his image and likeness of God, and is therefore sinful. Before one considers what the Bible has to say about the bodily effects of wine consumption, he should first examine what physical processes are taking place within ones body as he consumes alcoholic wine. tangible Effects As one takes alcohol into his body, two actions take place in the brain which causes the common sensation of merriment and calm. The brains inhibitory neurotransmitter is excited as the excitatory neurotransmitter is simultaneity inhibited. This slows the processing of information in the cerebral cortex, causing one to experience blurred vision, slowed senses, and the inability to suppose clearly.Secondly, the consumption of alcohol increases the amount of the chemical dopamine in the brains reward center, which creates the feeling of pleasure that occurs when someone takes a drink. Here is where one feels the buzz to which he often finds himself addicted. Yet the additional effects on otherwise parts of his body are rarely as pleasurable.The Cerebellum, which acts as the center of movement and equilibrate within the body, grows impaired as alcohol consumption rises, resulting in a dizziness and staggering ordinarily seen among those whom are drunk. Additionally, there is an increase in production line flow, which heats the skin and gives one a warm sensation. This surface heats cools the bodys organs down and slows the breathing, often to a dangerous level. Lastly and most important, as one takes in more alcohol, he raises his BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration), which in the amount of alcohol in ones bloodstream.The higher the BAC, the more probable a midriff attack, since he is starving the heart of blood.With this very simplistic explanation of what takes place as one becomes increasingly more inebriated, it also is important to consider what the definition of drunk message. In in advance(p) American culture, the typical sized glass of wine is 5 ounces in amount 10% being alcohol. Therefore, three drinks equalling .6 ounces of alcohol each, if consumed within an hour, would bring a normal sized individuals BAC to .08, which is the current legal definition of drunkenness.As one can see, alcohol consumed by humans, has dangerous side effects, rendering its use to be unwholesome in large quantities and unwise in general. Also, because of alcohols addictive qualities, once begun, humans restrain a terrible tendency to find it hard to catch at a certain quantity. Hence in America alone, tally to the CDCP, Alcohol took more than 88,000 lives between 2006-2010, meaning that 1 in 10 Americans drank themselves to death. Physical Morals Those who believe that alcohol is not addictive and label these statistics as a slippery-slope fallacy are sadly foolish. Therefore, based on this proof, one moldiness understand that, since humans are the imag e bearers of God (Genesis 27, Psalm 13913-15), they have the responsibility to take care of their bodies.To destroy our health by means of intoxicating substances means to destroy Gods temple within us. This author echoes what Paul stated to the Corinthians, for Gods temple is holy, and that temple you are. This first proof cannot be highlighted enough, since God has position a serious responsibility to care for the precious life He gave us. Therefore, based on the effects of alcoholic consumption reviewed above, it is unethical to intake all amount of alcohol that would impair ones body on a long-term or short-term scale as it is damaging to his health (1Corinthians 317).Yet, to do justice to the Jewish culture of the Bible, one essential understand that wine in present modern times is vastly different to the contents of wine in the Old and New Testament.As Norman Geisler clearly affirmed, Wine today has a much higher level of alcohol than wine in the New Testament. In fact, in New Testament times one would need to drink twenty-two glasses of wine in order to consume the large amount of alcohol in two martinis today. Since a typical martini is 37% alcohol, a glass of wine during the apostle Pauls time would have been 3% alcohol, fashioning it fairly difficult to get inebriated quickly. Yet even ancient civilizations strongest drinks of 14% alcohol were often watered down with a 20-1 ratio according to Plithy and Homers Odyssey. Hence, as one looks at the present-day perspective of alcohol in contrast to Bible time terminology, it is easy to recognize that to truly gain a fair grasp of the alcohol issue one must also understand the literary uses of the word wine in the context of the Bible. Which leads one to the scriptural ethics of wine.The Biblical Ethics of Wine God not only condemns drunkenness in the Old and New Testament, but condemns the actual use of fermented wine in both Testaments. This argument follows closely to the Prohibitionist View as dis cussed in the introduction. Good men differ on this topic, expositing difficult passages of great length. For neediness of much(prenominal) space and ability, this argument will only touch on a few Greek and Hebrew words, the biblical commands for use and abstinence, and three commonly misunderstood passages. Word Analysis Wine in general ancient terminology can be loosely translated as The pressed juice of the word of mouth, whether fermented or unfermented. There are three words that this paper will highlight in a general attempt to do justice to the historical the true of wine.The first Hebrew word is (Yayin). It is the most commonly used form for wine in the Old Testament, used 141 times throughout, and is often misinterpreted since God uses the corresponding word to impart blessings and curses upon His people. Yet the context of the passage is important. Yes, some texts are unclear, but Robert Teachouts tabulation of each reference breaks them down to 71 instances referrin g to unfermented wine, and the other 70 referring to fermented wine, while seeking to stay true to the original context of the authorial intent. The first and perhaps most famous passage in which wine is mentioned in the Bible is in Genesis 920-21 when Noah got drunk on the which he made from his vineyards and eventually shamed himself with nudity.Wine is clearly spoken within a negative sense, and is next seen in Genesis 1932-33 when Lots daughters raped him. This Hebrew word is again used in Lamentations 212, yet has a very different implication. As King Nebuchadnezzar sieged Jerusalem, the starving children asked their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city. The children were not seeking alcoholic wine as drunk by Noah, but rather this same Hebrew word yayin is best understood in context to the fact that even their children desperately essential sustenance to stay alive. Yayin is used in countless additional passages under t he same unfermented context. The second word to consider is also Hebrew. (tirosh) is commonly considered to be unfermented Horace Bumstead says, In no one of the thirty-eight passages in which it occurs does it fail to have some reference, direct or indirect, to the soil or the press or the divine agency which had been instrumental in its production. Simply put, yayin is the refined, fermented result of the raw producttirosh, which is new wine. Texts such as Micah 615 support such claims. Thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil And tirosh, but shalt not drink yayin. Here the contexts supports tirosh as unfermented and yayin as fermented wine since God forbids the latter but promotes the former. As one can begin to see, the use of the Hebrew words can seem ambiguous, if not interpreted based on the context of the passage. The third word to examine is the Greek usage for wine most commonly used in the whole Bible. (oinos) is the parallel to the Hebrew ya yin word, and was commonly used in Greek culture to refer to any unfermented or fermented grape juice. In Ephesians 518, Paul commands the believers at Ephesus Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess but be filled with the Spirit. Oinos takes on the meaning of fermented wine in this context, since drunkenness is the common result. Yet there are translations of this text which lead the reader to assume that excess (debauchery) is condemning drunkenness, while allowing for wine. Wherein ( ) is excess can be translated in which is excess, which alludes to wine in the previous clause rather than drunkenness.Whether one agrees or not, what can be confirmed is that wine in this context is referencing fermented wine. There are multiple passages that, use oinos to describe grape juice, or new wine. One such passage records Jesus parable of the new and old wineskins. The culture of that day found the use of wineskins to hold and preserve must or, new wine. Common interpretation of this pa ssage does an injustice to the text by claiming that Jesus was describing how to safely ferment wine as an object lesson within His parable. match to excavator James Pritchard, this interpretation is erroneous, since within middle eastern tradition, fermenting wine took place in very large tanks that could withstand the violent obligate of fermentation for three days and then stored in sealed jars with olive oil at 65 degrees F. The Encyclopedia Biblica also asserts that the gas given bump off during fermentation would cause a pressure much too great for even new wine skins to withstand. Therefore, there is no way the Jesus could have been addressing how to store fermented wine, but rather was simply using oinos (new wine grape juice) as an object lesson for a topic completely un connectd to wine.Based on this design word analysis, one can see how important the context is when translating and interpreting the biblical meaning for wine. Yet there are many more verses that relate t o the many uses of wine within the Testaments, both for God designed purposes and commands to abstain.

Equus Essay

Peter Shaffers play, genus Equus, tells a young mans story of faith and struggle. Through Alan, Shaffer explores mans relationship with God and himself, the concept of pain and passion, and eventually, shame. Indeed, Alan blinded the horses because he was shamed, not merely of his inability to perform, hardly more so because Equus, through the horses eyes, witnessed how he gave in to temptation and betrayed his god. Alan is like any man who is brought up to his parents beliefs. In his case, his mother was a devout Christian who read to him verses from the Bible, where he learned of God and Jesus.His father, on the other hand, was an atheist, and seeing Alans growing interest in religion tore the picture of the crucifix Alan had and replaced it with a picture of a horse. This is a powerful act of symbolism. The young Alan was confused because of his parents differing religious beliefs. He could sense that his father did not approve of the kindhearted of fervent religion his mother is practicing, and but Alan has already been raised to love God. He could have just become a nominal Christian or else he turned his intense beliefs towards a substitute god, a god that his father does not hate.Hence, Equus is born his conception of a deity em eubstance in every horse. Yet, essentially, his faith remains traditional orthodox Christian. Like God, Equus sees everything, like Jesus, Equus suffers for the sins of the world. Alans devout love in Equus culminates to his riding the horse Nugget naked and barebacked, flagellating, riding to the point of sexual/mystical/religious climax, when he screams of his love and his desire to be one with the horse. This image illustrates Alans intense religious beliefs that he wants to share the pain, the passion or the suffering of Equus, and be one with him, akin to the intense devotion of saints.In the next single-valued function of the play, Alan goes with Jill to a pornography theater where they accidentally run into his fath er. This leaves an impression to Alan that sexual desire is common to all men. It can be said that since he found his father there, he made the logical conclusion that it was something that his father does not disapprove of. So when Jill suggests they have sex in the stables, he acquiesces. But the comportment of the horses makes him nervous, and he is unable to get an erection. He becomes frustrated, and he threatens away Jill. He is more than just sheepish because he was not able to perform.He was ashamed because he could feel Equus eyes on him, and he knows that he has sinned. Alan felt guilty about his act, about his giving in to temptation, his attempt to do it with Jill, because he perceived it as an act of betrayal to his god. He declared his devotion and desire to be one with Equus, and yet he found himself a sinner, one of those who cause Equuss/Jesuss pain and suffering that he professed to want to share intensely. Whereas before he devoted himself body and soul to Equu s, now he has succumbed to his bodys desire and suddenly he is aware of his starkness.His nakedness is metaphorical with his nakedness on stage and the nakedness of Adam and Eve in Genesis. Literally he becomes aware of his nakedness, when previously he rode the horse naked anyway. This awareness brings forth shame, and since his depiction of god is at bottom reach in the form of the horses, he lashed out at them. Consumed by shame, he vents out his anger and puts out the horses eyes, so that he they, and Equus, through them, could no longer see him naked, nor would they be able to see his sins.

Frostbite Chapter 23

Twenty-threeTHE WEATHER WARMED UP ON the day of my molnija ceremony. In fact, it was so warm that a lot of the blast on campus began melting, running level the spatial relations of the Academys stone buildings in slim, silvery streams. Winter was far from being over, so I knew everything would entirely freeze up over again in a fewer days. For instantaneously, though, it mat up as though the entire world was weeping.I had walked a expressive style(p) from the Spokane incident with minor bruises and cuts. The burns from the melting flex-cuffs were the spank of my injuries. except now I was still having a hard time dealing with the death Id caused and the death Id seen. Id treasured half-size more than to go curl up in a ball somewhere and not talk to anyone, except peradventure Lissa. exactly on my fourth day back at the Academy, my sire had found me and told me it was time to receive my marks.It had taken me several signifi terminateces to grasp what she was talking around. Then it occurred to me that in decapitating two Strigoi, Id earned two molnija tattoos. My first ones. The realization had kayoed me. All my life, in considering my future career as a guardian, Id looked forward to the marks. Id seen them as badges of honor. exclusively now? Mainly they were going to be reminders of something I regarded to forget.The ceremony took place in the guardians building, in a large path they used for meetings and banquets. It was nothing at all alike the great dining room at the resort. It was efficient and practical, like the guardians were. The carpet was a bluish gray shade, low and tightly woven. The bare w turn overe walls held framed black-and-white photos of St. Vladimirs by the years. there were no separate decorations or fanfare, yet the solemnity and power of the moment were palpable. All the guardians on campus- only if no novices- attended. They milled around in the buildings briny meeting room, hanging out in clusters but not talking. When the ceremony started, they fell into orderly ranks without being told and watched me.I sat on a seat in the corner of the room, leaning forward with my hair hanging over the front of my face. Behind me, a guardian named Lionel held a tattooists aimle to the back of my neck. Id go him the whole time Id been at the Academy, but Id neer realized he was trained to draw molnija marks.Before he started, he had a murmured conversation with my bewilder and Alberta.She wont control a promise mark, he verbalise. She hasnt graduated.It happens, state Alberta. She do the kills. Do the molnijas, and shell get the promise mark later.Considering the pain I regularly put myself through, I didnt expect the tattoos to bruise as oft as they did. But I bit my lip and conciliateed silent as Lionel make the marks. The process seemed to go on forever. When he finished, he produced a couple of mirrors, and with some maneuvering, I was able to see the back of my neck. Two tiny blac k marks sat there, side by side, against my reddened and sensitive skin. Molnija meant lightning in Russian, and thats what the jagged shape was meant to symbolize. Two marks. One for Isaiah, one for Elena.Once Id seen them, he bandaged them up and gave me some instruction manual about caring for them while they healed. Most of it I missed, but I pass judgment I could ask again later. I was still kind of ball over by it all.After that, all the gathered guardians came up to me one by one. They each gave me some sort of sign of affection- a hug, a flatter on the cheek- and kind words.Wel induce to the ranks, said Alberta, her weathered face gentle as she pulled me into a tight embrace.Dimitri didnt say anything when his turn came, but as always, his eyes round legions. Pride and tenderness filled his expression, and I swallowed back attracts. He rested one hand gently on my cheek, nodded, and walked away.When Stan- the instructor Id fought with the most since my first day- hugge d me and said, today youre one of us. I always knew youd be one of the best, I thought Id pass out.And then when my commence came up to me, I couldnt help the tear that ran down my cheek. She wiped it away and then brushed her fingers against the back of my neck. Dont ever forget, she told me.Nobody said, Congratulations, and I was glad. Death wasnt anything to get excited about.When that was done, drinks and food were served. I walked to the buffet table and do a plate for myself of miniature feta quiches and a slice of mango cheesecake. I ate without really tasting the food and answered questions from others without even knowing what I said half the time. It was like I was a Rose robot, going through the motions of what was expected. On the back of my neck, my skin stung from the tattoos, and in my mind, I kept sightedness Masons blue eyes and Isaiahs red ones.I felt guilty for not enjoying my big day more, but I was relieved when the group finally started dispersing. My mot her walked up to me as others murmured their goodbyes. Aside from her words here at the ceremony, we hadnt talked much since my breakdown on the plane. I still felt a little strange about that- and a little embarrassed as well. Shed never mentioned it, but something very small had shifted in the nature of our relationship. We werent anywhere near being friendsbut we werent exactly enemies anymore either.Lord Szelsky is leaving soon, she told me as we stood near the buildings doorway, not far from where Id yelled for her on that first day wed talked. Ill be going with him.I know, I said. There was no question shed leave. That was how it was. Guardians followed Moroi. They came first.She regarded me for a few moments, her brown eyes thoughtful. For the first time in a long time, I felt like we were actually spirit eye to eye, as opposed to her looking down on me. It was about time, too, seeing as I had half a foot of height on her.You did well, she said at last. Considering the circ umstances.It was only half a compliment, but I deserved no more. I understood now the mistakes and lapses of judgment that had led to the events at Isaiahs house. Some had been my fault some hadnt. I wished I could have changed some of my actions, but I knew she was right. Id done the best I could in the end with the mess before me.Killing Strigoi wasnt as glamorous as I thought itd be, I told her.She gave me a sad pull a face. No. It never is.I thought then about all the marks on her neck, all the kills. I shuddered.Oh, hey. Eager to change the subject, I reached into my pocket and pulled out the little blue eye pendant shed given me. This thing you gave me. Its a n-nazari I stumbled over the word. She looked surprised.Yes. Howd you know?I didnt want to explain my visions with Adrian. Someone told me. Its a security measures thing, right?A pensive look crossed her face, and then she exhaled and nodded. Yes. It seeded players from an old superstition in the Middle EastSome peopl e believe that those who want to hurt you can curse you or give you the evil eye. The nazar is meant to counteract the evil eye and just bring protection in general to those who fracture it.I ran my fingers over the piece of glass. Middle Eastso, places sort of like, um, Turkey?My mothers lips quirked. Places exactly like Turkey. She hesitated. It was a gift. A gift I received a long time ago Her gaze turned inward, lost in memory. I got a lot of attention from men when I was your age. Attention that seemed flatter at first but wasnt in the end. Its hard to tell the difference sometimes, amid whats real affection and whats someone wanting to take advantage of you. But when you feel the real thingwell, youll know.I understood then why she was so overprotective about my reputation- shed endangered her own when she was younger. Maybe more than that had been damaged.I also knew why shed given the nazar to me. My father had given it to her. I didnt think she wanted to talk anymore about it, so I didnt ask. It was enough to know that maybe, just maybe, their relationship hadnt been all about business and genes after all.We said goodbye, and I riposteed to my classes. Everyone knew where Id been that morning, and my fellow novices wanted to see my molnija marks. I didnt blame them. If our roles had been reversed, I would have been harassing me too.Come on, Rose, begged Shane Reyes. We were walking out of our morning practice, and he kept swatting my ponytail. I made a mental note to wear my hair down tomorrow. some(prenominal) others followed us and echoed his requests.Yeah, come on. Lets see what you got for your swordsmanshipTheir eyes shone with eagerness and excitement. I was a hero, their classmate whod dispatched the leaders of the roving band of Strigoi that had so terrorized us over the holidays. But I met the eyes of someone standing at the back of the group, someone who looked neither eager nor excited. Eddie. Meeting my gaze, he gave me a small, sa d smile. He understood.Sorry, guys, I said, turning back to the others. They have to stay bandaged. Doctors orders.This was met with grumbles that soon turned into questions about how Id actually killed the Strigoi. Decapitation was one of the hardest and rarest ways to kill a vampire it wasnt like carrying a sword was convenient. So I did my best to tell my friends what had happened, making sure to stick to the facts and not glorify the killings.The school day couldnt end a moment too soon, and Lissa walked with me back to my dorm. She and I hadnt had the chance to talk much since everything had gone down in Spokane. Id undergone a lot of questioning, and then thered been Masons funeral. Lissa had also been caught up in her own distractions with the kinglikes leaving campus, so shed had no more free time than me.Being near her made me feel better. Even though I could be in her head at any time, it just wasnt the same(p) as actually being physically around another living soulfulne ss who cared about you.When we got to the door of my room, I axiom a bouquet of freesias sitting on the floor near it. Sighing, I picked up the fragrant flowers without even looking at the attached card.What are those? asked Lissa while I unlocked the door.Theyre from Adrian, I told her. We walked inside, and I pointed to my desk, where a few other bouquets sat. I put the freesias down beside them. Ill be glad when he leaves campus. I dont think I can take much more of this.She turned to me in surprise. Oh. Um, you dont know.I got that warning twinge through the bond that told me I wouldnt like what was about to come.Know what?Uh, he isnt leaving. Hes going to stay here for a while.He has to leave, I argued. To my knowledge, the only reason hed come back at all was because of Masons funeral, and I still wasnt sure why hed done that, since he barely knew Mason. Maybe Adrian had just done it for show. Or maybe to keep stalking Lissa and me. Hes in college. Or maybe reform school. I d ont know, but he does something.Hes taking the semester off.I stared.Smiling at my shock, she nodded. Hes going to stay and work with me and Ms. Carmack. All this time, he never even knew what spirit was. He just knew he hadnt specialized but that he had these weird abilities. He just kept them to himself, except for when he occasionally found another spirit user. But they didnt know any more than he did.I should have figured it out sooner, I mused. There was something about being around him. I always wanted to talk to him, you know? He just has this charisma. Like you do. I guess its all tied into spirit and compulsion or whatever. It commits me like him even though I dont like him.Dont you? she teased.No, I replied adamantly. And I dont like that dream thing, either.Her jade eyes went wide with wonder. That is cool, she said. Youve always been able to tell whats going on with me, but Ive never been able to communicate with you the other way. Im glad you guys got away when you didbut I wish I could have figured out the dream thing and helped find you.Not me, I said. Im glad Adrian didnt get you to go off your meds.I hadnt found that out until a few days after being in Spokane. Lissa had apparently rejected Adrians initial suggestion that halt the pills would let her learn more about spirit. She had admitted to me later, however, that if Christian and I had stayed missing much longer, she might have cracked.How are you feeling lately? I asked, recalling her concerns about the medication. You still feel like the pills arent working?Mmmwell, its hard to explain. I still feel closer to the magic, like maybe they arent blocking me so much anymore. But Im not feeling any of the other mental side effectsnot upset or anything.Wow, thats great.A beautiful smile lit her face. I know. It makes me think there might be hope for me to learn to work the magic after all someday.Seeing her so happy made me smile back. I hadnt liked seeing those dark feelings starting to return and was glad theyd vanished. I didnt understand the how or the why, but as long as she felt okay-Everyone has light around them, except for you. You have shadows. You take them from Lissa.Adrians words slammed into my mind. Uneasily, I thought about my behavior these last couple of weeks. Some of the angry outbursts. My rebelliousness- peculiar even for me. My own black coil of emotion, stirring in my chestNo, I decided. There were no similarities. Lissas dark feelings were magic-based. Mine were stress-based. Besides, I felt lovely right now.Seeing her watching me, I tried to remember where wed left off in the conversation. Maybe youll eventually find a way to make it work. I mean, if Adrian could find a way to use spirit and doesnt need meds She suddenly laughed. You dont know, do you?What?That Adrian does medicate himself.He does? But he said- I groaned. Of crease he does. The cigarettes. The drinking. God only knows what else.She nodded. Yup. Hes almost always got som ething in his system.But probably not at nightwhich is why he can scent his head into my dreams.Man, I wish I could do that, she sighed.Maybe youll learn someday. Just dont become an alcoholic in the process.I wont, she assured me. But I will learn. None of the other spirit users could do it, Rose- well, aside from St. Vladimir. Ill learn like he did. Im going to learn to use it- and I wont let it hurt me.I smiled and touched her hand. I had absolute faith in her. I know.We talked for most of the evening. When the time came for my usual practice with Dimitri, I parted ways with her. As I walked away, I pondered something that had been bothering me. Although the attacking groups of Strigoi had had many more members, the guardians felt confident Isaiah had been their leader. That didnt mean there wouldnt be other threats in the future, but they felt itd be a while before his followers regrouped.But I couldnt help thinking about the list Id seen in the tunnel in Spokane, the one that had listed royal families by size. And Isaiah had mentioned the Dragomirs by name. He knew they were almost gone, and hed sounded keen on being the one to finish them. Sure, he was dead nowbut were there other Strigoi out there with the same idea?I shook my head. I couldnt worry about that. Not today. I still needed to recover from everything else. soon, though. Soon Id have to deal with this.I didnt even know if our practice was still on but went to the locker room anyway. After changing into practice clothes, I headed down into the gym and found Dimitri in a supply room, reading one of the Western novels he loved. He looked up at my entrance. Id seen little of him in these last few days and had figured he was busy with Tasha.I thought you might come by, he said, putting a bookmark between the pages.Its time for practice.He shook his head. No. No practice today. You still need to recover.Ive got a clean bill of health. Im good to go. I pushed as much patented Rose Hathaway bravado into my words as I could.Dimitri wasnt falling for any of it. He gestured to the chair beside him. Sit down, Rose.I hesitated only a moment before complying. He moved his own chair close to mine so that we sat directly across from each other. My heart fluttered as I looked into those gorgeous dark eyes.No one gets over their first killkillseasily. Even with Strigoiwell, its still technically taking a life. Thats hard to come to monetary value with. And after everything else you went through He sighed, then reached out and caught my hand in his. His fingers were exactly like I remembered, long and powerful, calloused with years of training. When I saw your facewhen we found you in that houseyou cant imagine how I felt.I swallowed. How how did you feel?Devastated grief-stricken. You were alive, but the way you looked I didnt think youd ever recover. And it tore me asunder to think of that happening to you so young. He squeezed my hand. You will recover- I know that now, and Im glad. But you arent there. Not yet. Losing someone you care about is never easy.My eyes dropped from his and examine the floor. Its my fault, I said in a small voice.Hmm?Mason. Getting killed.I didnt have to see Dimitris face to know compassion was filling it. Oh, Roza. No. You made some bad decisionsyou should have told others when you knew he was gonebut you cant blame yourself. You didnt kill him.Tears brimmed in my eyes as I looked back up. I might as well have. The whole reason he went there- it was my fault. We had a fightand I told him about the Spokane thing, even though you asked me not to.One tear leaked out of the corner of my eye. Really, I needed to learn to stop that. Just as my mother had, Dimitri delicately wiped the tear off my cheek.You cant blame yourself for that, he told me. You can regret your decisions and wish youd done things differently, but in the end, Mason made his decisions too. That was what he chose to do. It was his decision in the end, no matter yo ur original role. When Mason had come back for me, I realized, hed let his feelings for me get in the way. It was what Dimitri had always feared, that if he and I had any sort of relationship, it would put us- and any Moroi we protected- in danger.I just wish Id been able to I dont know, do anythingSwallowing back further tears, I pulled my hands from Dimitris and stood up before I could say something stupid.I should go, I said thickly. Let me know when you want to start practice again. And thanks for talking.I started to turn then I heard him say abruptly, No.I glanced back. What?He held my gaze, and something warm and wonderful and powerful shot between us.No, he repeated. I told her no. Tasha.I I shut my mouth before my jaw hit the floor. Butwhy? That was a once-in-a-lifetime thing. You could have had a baby. And she she was, you know, into you.The ghost of a smile flickered on his face. Yes, she was. Is. And thats why I had to say no. I couldnt return thatcouldnt give her wh at she wanted. Not when He took a few steps toward me. Not when my heart is somewhere else.I almost started crying again. But you seemed so into her. And you kept going on about how young I acted.You act young, he said, because you are young. But you know things, Roza. Things people older than you dont even know. That day I knew instantly which day he referred to. The one up against the wall. You were right, about how I fight to stay in control. No one else has ever figured that out- and it panic-stricken me. You scare me.Why? Dont you want anyone to know?He shrugged. Whether they know that fact or not doesnt matter. What matters is that someone- that you- know me that well. When a person can see into your soul, its hard. It forces you to be open. Vulnerable. Its much easier being with someone whos just more of a casual friend.Like Tasha.Tasha Ozera is an amazing woman. Shes beautiful and shes brave. But she doesnt- She doesnt get you, I finished.He nodded. I knew that. But I sti ll wanted the relationship. I knew it would be easy and that she could take me away from you. I thought she could make me forget you.Id thought the same thing about Mason. But she couldnt.Yes. And, so thats a problem.Because its wrong for us to be together.Yes.Because of the age difference.Yes.But more importantly because were going to be Lissas guardians and need to focus on her- not each other.Yes.I thought about this for a moment and then looked straight into his eyes. Well, I said at last, the way I see it, we arent Lissas guardians yet.I steeled myself for the next response. I knew it was going to be one of the Zen life lessons. Something about inner strength and perseverance, about how the choices we made today were templates for the future or some other nonsense.Instead he kissed me.Time stopped as he reached out and cupped my face between his hands. He brought his mouth down and brushed it against my lips. It was barely a kiss at first but soon increased, becoming heady and deep. When he finally pulled away, it was to kiss my forehead. He left his lips there for several seconds as his arms held me close.I wished the kiss could have gone on forever. Breaking the embrace, he ran a few fingers through my hair and down my cheek. He stepped back toward the door.Ill see you later, Roza.At our next practice? I asked. We are starting those up again, right? I mean, you still have things to teach me.Standing in the doorway, he looked over at me and smiled. Yes. Lots of things.

Payments Method

Fee-for-service is when a patient pays a fee for the services provided by a health care provider. According to Valerius et al. (2012), the more patients a physician sees in the fee-for-service, the more charges the health plan repays (section 1. 4, p. 11). On the other hand, capitation payment cycles involve the first party, which is the patient, policyholder or employer (Valerius et al, 2012). in like manner the capitation payment cycle includes the second party, which is the provider and insurance specialist, as well as the third party, which is the health plan (Valerius et al, 2012). Capitation is a fixed payment method, which a certain amount of money is reimbursed to the provider for patients enrolled for a specific time frame regardless of the services delivered or how many office visits(Valerius et al, 2012).In this situation of capitation, the money is received before the patient even visits the office, and if the patient does not receive medical services for that specific t ime (Valerius et al, 2012). Furthermore, the physician agrees to take on the risk that an insured individual will utilize more services than the fee covers, and use less services (Valerius et al, 2012). Nevertheless, the physician still only collects the assure rate, even if their expenses are higher than the rate for the time frame, and the physician risks getting less per office visit revenue.

Easter Rising 1916

There can be no doubt that the response of the British government to the uphill contributed measurably to the further alienation of Irish public opinion. On 26th April 1916, it had introduced martial law and next day appointed Major-General Sir John Maxwell as Commander-in-Chief of troops, Ireland. He had full authority to concern order, put down the rebellion, and punished its participants. Maxwell never doubted that its leaders should be court-martialled and those some prominent executed.General Maxwell was also determined that, in order to coquette militant nationalism, those who had surrendered with them, and their suspected supporters, should be arrested and their arms seized in a nationwide sweep by soldiers, supported by police. General Maxwell quickly signalled his use to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners(1), including those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion(2), reflecting the popular whim that Sinn Fein, a separatist or ganisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind the arise.In total, the security forces arrested 3,430 men and 79 women and of these 1,841 were sent to England and interned there. Meanwhile, those thought to have organised the insurrection had been held okay in Ireland for trial 190 men and 1 woman named Countess Markievicz. In 90 cases the courts verdict was Death by being tornado. All signatories of the proclamation were executed. The executions started on May 3rd in Kilmainham Jail with the execution of Patrick Pearse was the basic to be singled out for execution, he was not allowed to see his mother or brother before his execution, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke .The second day is the executions of William Pearse brother of Patrick Pearse, Edward Daly, Michael OHanrahan, and Joseph Plunkett whom married Grace Gifford in the prison chapel hours before his execution. On the following day John McBride was executed alone refused to be blindfolded before his e xecution. Then on May 8th Eamonn Ceannt,Michael Mallin,Sean HeustonandConn Colbert were executed. On the pass day of execution May 12th Sean MacDiarmada and James Connolly who is tied to a chair due to his broken ankle were executed. Sir Roger Casement was tried in London for superior treason and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August.In addition to the 15 executed, 97 others of those tried by court-martial were sentenced to death. Alarmed by the shift winning place in public opinion in Ireland and by the outrage expressed in the House of Commons by members of the Irish Parliament Party, most notably Lawrence Ginnel and John Dillion, Prime Minister Asquith travelled to Dublin on 12 May the day where James Connolly and Sean MacDiarmada were executed, in spite of a wire from Asquith to General Maxwell saying that there were to be no further executions except under special and exceptional circumstances.Maxwell, presumably, considered that MacDiarmada and Connolly had played such l eading roles that they could not be reprieved. There were no further executions, the sentences of the other 97 being commuted to terms of imprisonment. The predictable effect of these measures was to increase public sympathy, both for the rebels and their goals. During May, the police governing noted even amongst moderate nationalists a growing wave of resentment, prompted by the feeling that unnecessary severity had been deployed.Symptoms of the change in attitudes included the following the increase frequency of memorial masses for the executed rebels the growing sales of photographs of them the setting up of aid funds for their families the appearance of songs and ballads celebrating their actions the ubiquity of republican flags and badges the sight of teen men marching military style at Gaelic football matches, and the shouting of rebel slogans anywhere people gathered anonymously together, such as at railway stations.Moreover, there were ominous signs that militant nationali sts were reorganising, reflected in a rise in arms thefts and hardening of attitudes towards the police. The release of many who had been interned after the Rising far from earning public gratitude fuelled resentment, as it was seen as providing evidence that the arrests had been made without just cause. Already in mid-June 1916, Maxwell predicted that in a General pick the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party would probably be replaced.He was right in December 1918, it was swept aside by Sinn Fein. Some survivors of the Rising went on to become leaders of the independent Irish state and those who died were venerated by many as martyrs. Their graves in the former military prison of mandrel Hill in Dublin became a national monument and the text of the Proclamation was taught in schools. I and my fellow signatories believe we have struck the first successful blow for Irish freedom. The next blow, which we have no doubt Ireland will strike, will win through. In this belie f, we die happy.

An Experience That Helped Me Grow Up

An experience that helped you under stall purpose of Life When paragon created this universe, he created each every particle in it with a certain purpose and with a certain design in mind. And that is what our thought in our religion tells us that no one is superior or inferior in front of Allah scarcely its our deeds that make us superior or inferior in front of our creator. Our deeds are determined by our performance in the tasks that Allah gives us throughout our lives.My maturity in conceiving the purpose of invigoration didnt come naturally but it was achieved when I witnessed the life events of one of my closest garter and the way she coped with each and every challenge of life with an open mind and with great composure on her part. My best childhood and school friend Hiba was with me since sixth grade and she was well known among all her friend circle to be very charming not because of her good looks but more because of the way she forever had the positive perspective fo r every event happening around us.She was the one in our friend group whom we all used to look up to whenever we were stuck in little mischieviious and innocent situations of school life without knowing the fact that God is going put her through such big challenges of life where she pull up stakes be all alone dealing with the high tides of this world. It was pleasant morning of winters and the school day began with uncouth exchange of pleasantries between classmates. Hiba was smiling and mischievous as usual and our 10th grade class teacher began the day with taking our attendance.Almost two lectures have gone by when a PA to principal came to our class and told Hiba to get across the principal as soon as possible. A few minutes later we came to know that Hibas parents had died in road accident on the motorway. thither whole class room went into complete silence and we had no difficulty imagining how hard this news will be for Hiba, who was the eldest among the sisters. She was a brilliant savant and had always wanted to be a doctor. That evening all friends went to the Hibas home to pay our condolences and to our amazement Hiba was sitting all composed and calm.The only linguistic communication we heard from her mouth were the pray that May god give her strength to be a support for her sisters and even at those tough times she was thankful to God for all the blessings He had bestowed open the family. Listening to her saying that prayer I felt as if we all are very immature or so our perspective of living and in like manner knew at that moment that God will become her greatest strength and will pull her and her sisters out of this situation and will bless her more than she will ever think of.That day I learned that we should be thankful to our God for every single breath of our life and instead of asking Him for more we should thank Him for what he has already given us. And we should never idealize too much instead we should be prepared to stand again st every challenge, life throws at us and we shouldnt find strength in our weaknesses and lust for life but our main strength lies in our belief in Allah and what we have today right here right at the moment.Today Hiba is studying medicine on scholarship in one of the top university of Pakistan. And she is also managing her whole house with the money her father left for the family. I amm sure the day is not far away when she will be a noted doctor of Pakistan. We as persons and as a nation needs to understand that God gives challenges only to those who have the strength to bear them and belief in God is the most important ingredient of life which one should never forget.

Helen’s dilemma Essay

Ans.1 Helen Bowers new plan isnt deemed to be much successful. Helen doesnt consider her employees anything more than just workers. Due to this approach of hers, she hasnt been able to negotiate with her employees in the right manner to get efficient performance. Even the consultant appointed by her is concerned about her approach and advises her to employ the same methods of dealing with employees, as her father did in the past. Even then, she fails to understand and accept this and decides a new plan i.e. that every worker who fails to improve his productivity by 10% will have to face an equal pay cut. This plan of Helen isnt going to help solve the situation anyhow and would only lead to resentment amongst the employees. These employees wont be at all happy with this finale as theyre expected to do more strenuous hard work even though nothing is being done for their offbeat and emolument in working condition rather all their benefits are being actually curtailed. As a result, the overall productivity would suffer and Bowers Co. would be unable to compete with Japanese firms.Ans.2 The biggest challenge that Helen faces is to retain the support of her employees. Helens approach of considering her employees as just Hired Help isnt paying her well as all the policies she creates go against the welfare of her employees and thus, the productivity of the organization is getting compromised. If the employees arent looked after, they would feel alienated which would ultimately lead to lower levels of productivity and thus, Helen would find it knockout to cope up from the external competition from Japanese firms and thus, the business wont be able to sustain for long.Ans.3 If I were Helens consultant,I would work out her visit the gravity of the situation which is more alarming than what she might be expecting. Ill try making her realize the repercussions of her policies which are in complete contrast to the welfare of her employees. Ill advice her to change h er approach towards more liberal methods which focus on the welfare of her employees. Also, Ill recommend her to apply same techniques which her father applied and make her understand the importance of maintaining cordial relations with the workers and how it would help the Bowers Co.

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Program

Alexander Hamilton was to say in 1792, Most of the important measures of every government are attached with the Treasury. This simple yet profound axiom he had come to as a head of his reflections on the record of statecraft and the obligations of government. Installed in comp iodinnt part, he had accepted this as his guiding principle. The basic nature of everyday finance to assure stability and promote welfare has been alluded to in these observations again and again.A government that keeps its receive house in order both attracts and creates confidence to the financing of its own obligations and for the support of those business ventures, or enterprises, without which a society cannot create employment and wealth. The Treasury at once became the largest and the leading office of the government. Its followings ramified into the unscathed economic life of the nation. It was intimately associated with commerce and shipping with the commercial banks of the nation with a large bankrupt of the countrys farming community.It bought the armys supplies, it sold the nations public lands, it negotiated with exotic governments. This was not usurpation for Congress, in establishing the Treasury Department, had given it massive supplys independent of the Executive. Hamilton was simply utilizing his opportunities. All this did not fail to create unease and then dissent. Madison, originally the Administrations spokes musical composition in the House of Representatives, left Hamiltons side in the battle over the assumption of the state debts.Jefferson, who at the commencement ceremony had ex touch his satisfaction with the Constitution and Hamiltons funding proposals, more and more saw their differences in terms of power an energetic government could become an irresponsible, and therefore a dangerous, one. By the spring of 1792, there was an organized oppositeness to the Administration with Hamilton the chief focus of distrust. The charges against Hamilton ran t he whole gamut from truth to falsity.It was being said, he was consistently the friend of a speculative stake, he unduly favored commerce and finance at the expense of agriculture, he himself was in person involved in questionable practices. He was subverting democracy he was preparing the way for a monarchy. These charges were both unsympathetic and untrue. Hamilton was indignant at accusations directed against his personal rectitude and he had every right to be. If there was a public servant in all of Americas annals who conducted himself with exact propriety, it was he.From the vast operations in the public funds, neither he nor his family ever benefited and he quit his post after more than five old age in office a poor man. In one of his letters to Washington, he cried out against his detractors I have not fortitude enough always to hear with calmness calumnies which necessarily include me. . . . I trust I shall always be able to bear, as I ought, imputations of errors of jud gment only I acknowledge that I cannot be entirely patient under charges which impeach the integrity of my public motives or conduct. As for seeking to undermine democracy, it again must be noted that Hamilton was distrustful of democracy solo in its equalitarian sense. He was not convinced of the equality of talents among men he was realistic concerning their motives and knew how chop-chop they could be encouraged to yield to passion and enmity. He believed in government by the people, but on the representative principle, and he was prepared to accept the guidance of leaders as long as they regarded office as a public trust. The charge that he was a monarchist was a semipolitical one designed to embarrass him it never had any foundation in fact.Hamilton was against any kind of discrimination the debt was to be purchased from those now in possession at full value. In the handling of a problem the like this, Hamilton was at his best he knew how to marshal arguments tellingly and present them simply. The carrying out of the details of a scheme based on discrimination would be immense, the difficulties insurmountable. Further, discrimination was unconstitutional it ran counter to the position of Congress, expressed as early as 1783. Most important of allThe impolicy of a discrimination results from two considerations one, that it proceeds upon a principle destructive of that quality of the public debt, or the stock of the nation, which is essential to its capacity for answering the purposes of cash that is, the security of transfer the separate, that, as well on this account as because it includes a breach of faith, it renders dimension in the funds less valuable, consequently it induces loaners to demand a higher premium for what they lend, and produces every other inconvenience of a bad state of public credit.Hamilton then went into great detail on a number of technical matters how the state debts were to be assumed the different methods of funding w hat sources of revenue could be tapped for interest payments and debt service. In connection with the last, he proposed to set aside receipts from duties on imports and tonnage, and impose new taxes on wines, spirits (including those distilled within the United States), teas and coffee. Wise politicians, he had noted in one of his earliest memoranda, ought to frame in at the head of affairs, and produce the event.How then produce the event? He had, if possible, to contrive measures which should be immediately and strikingly effective, and at the same time go forth a basis for permanent pay backment. The exigencies of the moment, however, were decisive. To resume the public credit was the first step toward buttressing the national government. The measures Hamilton adopted, all directed to this one purpose. In his Report on Public Credit (1790) he advocated full payment of public debts, including those incurred by the States as the sacred price of liberty. He would thus cement the Union by establishing the national credit, and by sign up the support of all holders of public securities. In his Report on a National border (1790) he revived, in new form, the project of his Letter to Morris of 1781. He remembered how an English government, after a revolution, had chartered the Bank of England, in order to solve its financial difficulties, and at the same time to solidify the Whig mercantile interest in its support. By incorporating a similar syndicate he could accomplish the same purposes.He must of stemma draw upon the implied powers he had long since seen that only thus was it possible to meet the needs of government. In his famed Report on Manufactures ( 1791) he proposed government aid to infant industries, in order to assure in war a national supply, to establish economic along with political independence, and in general to develop the national resources. Contemplating a wise central management of the whole American estate, he foresaw local swallowed up by national interests in a country self-contained and self-sufficient.In a letter written penny-pinching the end of his career Hamilton struck an unusual note of despondency. Mine, he says, is an odd destiny. Perhaps no man in the United States has sacrificed or done more for the present Constitution than myself and contrary to all my anticipations of its fate, as you know from the very beginning, I am still laboring to prop the frail and worthless fabric. Every day proves to me more and more that this American world was not made for me. The time may ere long arrive, he adds, when the minds of men will be prepared to hurl an effort to recover the Constitution, butwe must wait a while. Hamilton was clearly undervaluing his own labors. If he seemed to fail, it was because he had gone in any case fast and had neglected elements of the problem which to the country seemed essential. Hamiltons ideal conception of government was never realized, but it has perhaps made some contribut ion to the general theory of politics. By a recent writer it has been set with that of Hobbes the leviathan state. With this indeed it has something in common in its outlook, even in its principles.Hamilton believed in an undivided and unforfeitable sovereignty, and in the subjects duty of disciplined obedience. He believed it the duty of the sovereign jealously to protect its own sovereignty, and to provide for the subjects welfare by well considered and strictly enforced laws. He believed in a wise and good-hearted paternal government. Not, however, in an absolute one. Taking over the conception of the strong state as he found it in Hobbes and elsewhere, he modified it to suit his own purposes, by adapting it to American conditions, by attempting to make it at once strong and responsible.He clearly added to it a new element in combining it with usual manhood suffrage. He took care to introduce also other principles of representation and carefully devised safeguards on the c ommon will. Thus he sought to make his state not only powerful and permanent, but equilibrize and responsible indeed the more permanent because balanced and responsible. He attempted to reconcile apparently conflicting, but, as he thought, essential principles by turning the leviathan state into a republic.Though not in its fulness realized, his conception has influenced the political thought not only of America but of Europe. Confidence had been destroyed under the Congress and the coalition and to its restoration Hamilton set to work at once. In less than three years, as the Secretary of the Treasury, as the result of a series of masterly reports all but one of which ended in legislation, Hamilton placed the basis of the financial integrity of the United States. His brilliant mind ranged over every aspect of the governments needs.He implicated himself with the debt its assumption, consolidation, funding, and management and redemption he watched the revenue inflow recommendi ng and obtaining new sources when government outlays increased he pressed for and obtained the creation of a national bank to act as a government depository and lender and to safeguard the money supply of the nation he established a mint thereby pickle the gold-silver ratio and assuring a bimetallic standard for the United States he worked ceaselessly to attract foreign capital into the United States to provide the funds for private banking institutions, public works projects, even manufacturing.

2 Unit Religion – Aboriginal Spirituality.

What does Terra Nullius mean? From at least 60,000 B. C. , Australia was inhabited entirely by pristine and Torres Strait is dry toss off-dweller race with handed-down, social and estate rights. To the Aborigines the inflict was everything to them and is closely connect to their Dreaming stories. Dreaming is the belief placement which explains how the ancestral worlds moved across the gain and created life and significant geographic features. In consideration, the Indigenous Australians argon a bulk with a close relationship with the land, and through the land they agree the spiritual cerebrate to the ancestral beings.The land is divine, and for many a(prenominal) thousand years, native heap full of lifed in harmony on their land. after(prenominal) the arrival of the British colonies in 1788, Australia was decl atomic number 18d Terra Nullius, which is a Latin term meaning land belongs to no champion. As a result of this, Captain Cook, the British captain of the first fleet of ships to arrive at Australias shore, claimed that all of the east coast of Australia belonged to Britain. The underlying argument was that primeval people were so low gear on scale of human development that their needs were discounted.Because pristine people did non farm the land, constitute permanent houses on it or use it in some other familiar ways, the British decreed that they did non have rights over the land nor did they have any proofread of land ownership. Another reason was that at that place was no identifiable hierarchy or political order which the British government could recognise or negotiate with. Once European settlement began, pristine rights to traditional lands was disregarded and the aboriginal people of the Sydney region were almost obliterated by introduced diseases and, to a lesser extent, armed force.First contacts were relatively peaceful but central people and their culture was strange to the Europeans as well as their plants an d animals. Consequently, Terra Nullius proceed on for over deuce hundred years. Figure 1 Eddie Mabo Figure 1 Eddie Mabo Who was Eddie Mabo? Eddie Koiki Mabo ( ciphern in figure 1) was born on 29 June 1936, in the community of Las on Mer, known as Murray Island in the Torres Strait. His birth name was Eddie Koiki Sambo however he was raised(a) by his Uncle Benny Mabo through a customary Island adoption. During this time, the concept of terra nullius was legislation.When Eddie was growing up, life for the people of the Torres Strait Islands was strictly regulated with laws make by the Queensland Government. However, the Meriam people strived to maintain continuity with the past and continued to live a traditional lifestyle based on fishing, gardening and customary laws of inheritance. At the eon of 16, Eddie was exiled from Murray Island for breaking customary Island law, and he set off for the mainland where a new life was waiting for him. through and through university, Eddie re ad a speech in front of people just about his peoples belief about the land ownership.A lawyer heard him and asked if he would like to argue with the Australian government about the right for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders to have land rights. After this, Eddie Mabo was successful in addressing the concept of immanent claim to the Australian government on behalf of Murray Island people. He is known for his role in campaigning for natural land rights and for his role in a landmark decision of the high address of Australia which neglected the effective doctrine of terra nullius land belong to nobody, which characterized Australian law with regards to land and title.Eddie died in 21 January 1992 and was unable(p) to see the native title given to them. What were the Mabo case and the high court decisions? In the 1970s, the Queensland Government took over Aboriginal land and was unsympathetic to the concept of land rights or any idea of native title to the land. On the 20t h of May 1982, Eddie Koiki Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islanders challenged terra Nullius and began their legal claim for ownership to the Supreme chat up of Queensland of heir lands on the island of Mer in the Torres Strait since their people had lived on the islands long before the arrival of the albumen settlement. Eventually, the supreme court of Queensland dismissed the case. Later, another challenge to the concept of terra Nullius was witnessed when Mabo and the four other islanders took the case to the high court of Australia. They requested that the court declare that their traditional land ownership and rights to the land and seas of the Mer Islands had not been snuff out. Furthermore, they claimed that the flushs authority over the islands was subject to the land rights of the Murray Islanders.It was not until 3 June 1992 that Mabo case No. 2 was decided. By then, 10 years after the case opened, Eddie Mabo had died. By a major(ip)ity, six out of one of the judges agreed that the Meriam people did have traditional ownership of their land. The judges held that British possession had not eliminated their title and that the Meriam people are entitled as to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the lands of the Murray Islands. This decision has wiped the concept of terra nullius and awarded the innate Australians with the aboriginal Title.Consequently, the term Native title is still in existence and contributed to allow the Indigenous Australians to maintain a continuous spiritual and cultural conjunctive to the land. Therefore, this decision was important because it recognised that Australia was inhabited By the Indigenous Australians long before the White settlement and hold the native title. What is the Native title mould (1993) Commonwealth? Native title is a legal term which recognises the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to the use and occupation of lands with which they have maintained a continuing, tradit ional conjunctions.Eventually, in the 1970s the Queensland government began to assume the land rights of people of Murray Island in the Torres Strait. One of the Meriam people, Eddie Mabo, took the Queensland Government to court to pr level offt this from happening. Sadly, this case failed. Moreover, Mabo and some other people took the case to the high court of Australia. The high court decided in favour of the Meriam people and recognised the principle of Native title. Ultimately, during this historical event, Eddie Mabo was dead. In 1993, The Keating Labor government runed the Native Title crook.This subroutine accepted the notion of Native title in law and alike recognised the rights of owners of freehold property. Nevertheless, pastoralists and miners were still concerned, and many people leased land from the government. The legislation aimed to codify the Mabo decision and implemented strategies to facilitate the process of granting native title. However, it had not resol ved the question of whether the granting of pastoral lease extinguished Native title. In this case, the High court argued that native title could co-exist with the rights of leaseholders.However, the pastoralists and the mining companies who lease lands were still concerned that the court was too much in favour of native title. In 1997, native title act passed by the Howard government. This act stated that Native title and leasehold rights could co-exist and in any conflict, the rights or the leaseholders would come first. What was the Wik Decision (1996) commonwealth? The Native title Act of 1993 had not resolved the question of whether the granting of a pastoral lease extinguished Native title.In 1993, the Wik people on Cape York in Queensland made a claim for land on Cape York Peninsula which included two large Pastoral leases. The federal court upheld the Native Title Act 1993 against the Wik people, with an argument that Aboriginal Australians had no control over land that has been leased. This case was further taken to the High court of Australia. In celestial latitude 1996, the high court ruled that the granting of a pastoral lease had not in fact extinguished native title. With reference to a letter from 1848 in which a British secretary of state for colonies wrote to regulator ofNSW which stated that the leaseholders had to negotiate with the traditional owners to allow them entry. Pastoralists viewed the Wik decision with great concerns, for they had always believed that they had full and sole rights to carry on their leases. After the Wik decision, Pastoralists would have to negotiate with any group who could prove native title right. Unfortunately, the pastoralists and miners increased the pressure sensation on government because they were not happy with the Wik decision and the idea that Indigenous Australians had rights to leased land.After a compete on this issue, the Howard government passed an amendment to the 1993 Native title Act. This c hange reduced the rights of indigenous Australians under the act and removed their right to negotiate with pastoralists and miners. This new law, made it difficult for Aboriginal Australians to make land rights claims Outline the greatness of the Dreaming for the land rights safari? The Dreaming for Australian Indigenous people (sometimes referred to as the Dreamtime or Dreamtimes) refers to when the hereditary Beings moved across the land and created life and significant geographic features.The land rights are of critical magnificence in relation to Aboriginal spirituality, because the dreaming is inextricably connected with the land. Since the Dreaming is closely connected to the land, the land rights movement is an important movement in helping Aboriginal people re-establish spiritual links with their sacred land which was disordered as a result of the European settlement. The dreaming is essential to the land rights movement because of many reasons such as To the Aborigine s, the dreaming is the central role which land occupies in Aboriginal spirituality, as land is the path through which the dreaming is experienced and communicated.Without the land, the dreaming cannot be communicated because it is from the land that the stories of solution enliven in the dreaming flow. It is through their intimate connection to the land that the foundational concept which lies at the heart of Aboriginal spirituality, that is, the dreaming can be plan of attacked. The land therefore, acts as the mother for the Aboriginal people, and that since it is, the identity of every Aboriginal person is closely linked to the land. Therefore, the immensity of the land rights movement for Aboriginal spirituality should not be underestimated.More importantly, the dreaming stories provide the entire ethical and moral basis by which Aboriginal people live on their land and relate to each(prenominal) other. It is known that the access to their land is fundamental to the putting into form of Aboriginal law. This factor underlies the Aboriginal law is the knowledge and ritual relating to sacred sites. These sites need to be cared for and this is do through ritual ceremony. Each person is linked to the spirit ancestor who created the land, and it is this which creates an Aboriginal persons identity.Through the dreaming, Spirit connects each person with particular sacred sites, with the result that each person has a connection with specific places on the land. According to the Aboriginal belief dodge, individuals have clearly defined responsibilities in relation to the land, in particular the protection of sacred sites. Sacred sites may be desecrated through grazing, mining, or perhaps contact with site by people without knowledge of the necessary ritual. Access to these sites is critical for the achievement of rituals and ceremonies so that the law can be taught to new generations.Another importance of the dreaming is that the dreaming connects each kins folk to a totem. A totem is an emblem mainly a plant or an animal that has become a symbol for a group who is believed to be responsible for their existence. The totem unifies the Clan (group) under the leadership of the spirit ancestor and thereby as well as creates a metaphysical connection with other clans bearing the same totem. Without their access to their totems, the Aboriginal people would lose their identity and prevent the belief system to be passed on to the next generation. Also, being taken away from a totem can alienate the individual from their clan.The land rights movement can re-establish the access to the totems and belonging to the same clan under the sacred totem. Thus, the dreaming which explains the clans existence by their totem is essential to the land rights movement. For the purpose of land rights and spiritual fulfilment of the land, the Australian History has witnessed many land rights movement. Those include the Yolgnu people of Yirrkala in 1963 and the 1966 Gurindji people. In 1963, the Yolgnu people of Yirrkala sent a typed petition in both(prenominal) their own language and English to the federal parliament because the government had granted a mining smart set the right to mine auxite without consulting the traditional owners. The paper was fixed to a surrounding bark painting which picture the peoples relationship with the land, and the Yirrkala people were seeking recognition of rights to their traditional lands on the Gove Peninsula. This however, was rejected in the court. To not underestimating this land rights movement, it was the first Aboriginal land rights movement and was an important step in the ultimate recognition of indigenous land rights movement.Another Early land rights movement was in 1966, when the Gurindji people began a usurp at the British-owned Wave Hill station in the Northern Territory to protest about impossible working conditions and low wages. They set up a camp at Wattie Creek and demanded tha t some of their traditional lands to be desexualised to them. The protest eventually led to their being granted the rights to Wattie Creek by the Whitlam Government in 1975. The passing by the Fraser Government of the Commonwealth Land Rights Act northern territory, 1976, gave Aboriginal people freehold title to traditional lands in the northern territory.As shown, the land rights movements were based on the belief of the dreaming. This is because the land is closely linked to the dreaming and by restoring land rights again, the Aboriginal community could re-establish the dreaming which involves the land, sacred sites, totems and ancestral beings. How has dispossession bear on Aboriginal spirituality? (seperatio Land, kinship, stolen generation). The Dispossession of the Indigenous Australians has had a major impact on their Spirituality and beliefs, including their connection to the land, kinship and explored a major effect which is the stolen Generation.When the White Settlement began in Australia in 1788, Australia was called terra Nullius meaning that the land belongs to no body. What was unknown to the British settlement is that the land is the home for the Aborigines and those Aborigines have been living in this land for more than 50,000 years. In the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century the official policy towards Aboriginal Australians was called protectionism. Protectionism is the idea that Aboriginal Australians needed to be separated from the white society and be protected because they were unable to do so.As a result, they were removed from their traditional lands and placed in missions which at that time were controlled by Christian churches. This was a major factor in separating Aboriginal people from their own culture and theologys. Since the Aboriginal trust is based on the dreaming which refers to the time where ancestors created the land, the dreaming is closely connected to the land because it is through the land that the stories of the dreaming emerge. Many of their rituals and ceremonies were inseparably linked to the land and sacred sites.Consequently, many Aborigines were separated from their spiritualties and beliefs. Another major effect of dispossession from land is when separated people have later tried to gain access to their land but have no knowledge of the law and tradition and in any case no proof of their connection to the land. Therefore, dispossession from land has impact on the Aborigines because the land plays a major role in their spiritual beliefs. Similarly, breakup from Kinship groups has limited the Aboriginal peoples opportunity to express their religion in traditional songs and dances.The Kinship is a complex system of belonging, relationships and responsibilities within a tribe that are based on the dreaming. Due to the fact that most of Aboriginal tribes had their own language, separation from kinship made it impossible for Aboriginal people to preserve their own languag e and dreaming stories of their clan (tribe). It is known that each Aboriginal individual has a responsibility within their clan. Many Aborigines as a result of dispossession lost the opportunity to participate in rituals that would gain them acceptance into the clan.Eventually, Kinship groups had the responsibility for raising and nurturing children even though they were not their biological children. When children were taken away from their clan by the white colonisation, the community lost the responsibility of taking care and nurturing the children and thus, lost the concept of kinship. Another effect of separation from Kinship groups is that the separation prevented individuals from inheriting the traditional parenting skills such as teaching the young their responsibilities and the dreaming stories.Separation from Kinship can also mean isolation from the ceremonial life. Ceremonies such as initiations or funerals are of a critical importance because they are a part of the Abor iginal life. Without these ceremonies, a person is disconnected to their kinship and their Aboriginal spirituality. This also limited the spread of their beliefs to the next generations. Hence, Kinship separation has led to the loss of spirituality. The so called Stolen Generations have also affected the Aboriginal spirituality.The term Stolen Generation refers to the children who were removed from their homes amid 1900 and 1972 by the Government and Church missionaries in an attempt to assimilate these children into European society. Most of the children who were taken away lost contact with other Aboriginal people, their culture, beliefs and land. In addition, they also lost their own languages. As a result, the stolen generation found it difficult to restore the connection with their own people and culture. The children were only exposed to white culture, because they were told that their families had rejected them or they were dead.The contact between the children and families was rarely allowed. This lead to a lack of role models taught the Aboriginal beliefs. Some of the stolen Generation could not pass on the dreaming stories of the ancestral beings to their children, unlike how they were initially taught with their Aboriginal community. Many of the children were exposed to Christianity in its conglomerate forms. The children were taught the Christian religion in Christian missions, which undoubtedly contributed to the destruction of aboriginal culture and spirituality. Thus, the removing of the Aboriginal children had impacted on the Aboriginal spirituality.Therefore, the dispossession from the land, kinship and the stolen Generation has affected the Aboriginal Spirituality. 1 . http//www. aboriginalheritage. org/ accounting/ news report/ 2 . http//www. parliament. nsw. gov. au/prod/web/common. nsf/key/HistoryBeforeEuropeanSettlement 3 . devotion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 4 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo 5 . http//ww w. racismnoway. com. au/teaching-resources/factsheets/19. html 6 . http//www. racismnoway. com. au/teaching-resources/factsheets/19. tml 7 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo 8 . http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo 9 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 10 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 11 . http//www. aboriginalheritage. org/history/history/ 12 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 13 . Religion and Belief system in Australia post-1945 14 . www. atns. net. au/agreement. asp? EntityID=775 15 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 16 . http//www. library. uq. edu. u/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 17 . http//reconciliaction. org. au/nsw/education-kit/land-rights/ 18 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 19 . http//www. abs. gov. au/Ausstats/emailprotected nsf/Previousproducts/1301. 0Feature%20Article21995? opendocument 20 . http//reconciliaction . org. au/nsw/education-kit/land-rights/ 21 . http//reconciliaction. org. au/nsw/education-kit/land-rights/ 22 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html 23 . http//www. library. uq. edu. au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour. html

Lies, Lies, Lies Essay

The unobjectionable finesse is an age old embellishment that has different reasons for being told. When it is all said and done a purity lie is still a lie. A lie told with perfectly good intentions. A lie told to spare someones feelings. A lie about something trivial, which will have few consequences if youre caught. A minor, polite, or harmless lie, a fair lie is considered harmless as opposed to a black lie which is evil. Anything that is not accurate is a lie.There are a million reasons to specialise a social white lie. Being nice leads to lying to prevent hurting someones feelings and it is commonly used by all. The baby in a stroller and the mother looks up, it is natural to interpret What a cute baby It could be the ugliest baby yet the convey to make a forgiving response leads to a lie. Or Men say I love you too a white lie commonly told by men. The boss has on a rationalise that looks horrible, What a beautiful dress would someone tell the boss her dress is ugly. Th ese are just examples of how we get caught up and we feel the need to say something positive instead of telling the truth.Lying begins early, if you observe children most know how to fib at the age of 4. By 6 they stop fibbing and begin lying. Watching and observing their parents, they gain perceptiveness in imitating their parents in the art of deception, they are told how to lie to relatives about gifts they may not like, and thus starts the white lies.The proverbial lie is used in our society to make small talk, to have someone study favor, when we greet someone, and we often lie to ourselves, I am going to get up each mean solar day and walk. Ive said it, and I know I penury to but I dont. Salesman says anything you want to hear to sell a product. The doorman says Have a good day, no tip, doesnt care if you even live another day almost every white lie is because of what a person wants to achieve with that white lie. It is almost second nature to living how we deceive, the Lan dlord I mailed that mark off yesterday. I lost my debt card cant make the payment today will chew the fat as soon as I get my replacement *I cant suffer in today I have diarrhea youre going to the movie matinee.Researchers have been canvass deception for decades, trying to figure out why we tell lies. It seems that our capacity for deceit appears nearly endless. That doesnt mean we just tell a lie to hear it there is a purpose for the madness. allay lying is generally regarded as immoral and distasteful, No one likes being lied to, says former FBI instrument and lying expert Joe Navarro. We use lies to grease the wheels of social discourse. Says University of Massachusetts psychologist Robert Feldman.